PO POSTOJME NE ANGLISHT PUNIMIN SHKENCOR, MBI SHOVINIZMIN JUGOSLLAV NDAJ KOSOVES DHE SHQIPTAREEVE.
(Disa javë më parë ky material është
postuar në shqip)
(sipas kerkesave po e postojmë dhe
anglisht)
NGA STUDIUESI DHE KRIJUESI LETRAR
PJETER NIKOLLA.
Hopes for self-government
During the war against Italian Fascism and German Nazism was mobilised the Albanian population in both sides of the border. Brigades of Albanian national army took part in the liberation of Kosovo and Yugoslavia but the objectives of Yugoslavian leadership and of Tito were of chauvinistic character and damaged Albania. This brought also other sufferings for Kosovo population.
The beginnings of the National Liberation Movement in Kosovo started with the formation of armed partisan forces like the one of Zenel Hajdinit in September 1942, of Emin Duraku and Karadaku in January 1943.
In January 1943 was formed the main headquarter of National Liberation Army for Kosovo subordinated by the Supreme Council of the National Liberation Army of Jugoslavia.
The establishment of councils started and from December 31st 1943 until the 2nd of January 1944, gathered in Bujan of Gjakova the conference for the formation of NLM of Kosovo and Dukagjin plain. In the conference took part 49 deputies and 6 were Serbian and Montenegrin.
The conference approved the resolution where it was stated the determination of Kosovo population and that of Dukagjin plain against the Nazi-fascism invaders and its supporters and urged to the nation to mobilize into the war for the liberation of Kosovo.
It chose KNÇl (National Liberation Council) for Kosovo and Dukagjin plain and it was the highest body of democratic power.
The opposition toward Kosovo was clear and when JCP (Yugoslavian Communist Party rejected the decisions of Bujani Conference it became clear that the conflict would go on again and Kosovo would remain simply a minority in Yugoslavia.
According to the book published in 1991 from the English officer Reginald Hibbert, on the history of Albanian Army for Liberation and that for Kosovo liberation it results that the leading of NÇl (National War of Liberation) of Kosovo were under the responsibility of Fadil Hoxhës, an old colleague of Miladin Popoviçit. Fadil Hoxha and Mehmet Hoxha (commissar) that would lead Kosovo in war and after liberation.
PKSH (Albanian Communist Party) and JCP experienced contradictions since the beginnings of war. PKSH with Enver Hoxha had introduced the idea of uniting Kosovo and Metohia with Albania. Committee of NÇl (Kosovo and Metohi) approved a resolution in favour of Albania where it was written:
”…Kosovo and Metohia is a region inhabited mostly by Albanian nation who like always wants to join Albania…The only way out for Albanians of Kosovo and Metohia to join Albania is through common war with other nations of Yugoslavia, against the invaders and their forces…the only way yo gain freedom, while all the other nations including Albanians will be able to chose their destiny with the right of self-government including even separation”* *R.Hibert, “Fitorja e hidhur” (Bitter victory) of LNÇl of Albania, p. 143.
This text was not welcomed by PKJ. In Jajca conference on the 28th of March 1944, Milovan Gjilasi, criticised the part of text referring to aspirations to join Albania. .* *Ibid., p. 143
According to the impartial English author, the delivery of brigades and partisan division for Kosovo and Metohia liberation and in aid of Kosovo and Yugoslavian army had its own objectives and they hoped that Kosovo population would enjoy the right to self-government meaning the right to chose (between Albanian and Yugoslavian communism)
History of PKSH (Albanian Communist Party) pretends that”…ACP had declared publically that Kosovo nation with its victory and revolution in both countries would have the right to decide its own destiny. On contrary he would fight against the Yugoslavia that would try to suppress and captivate it”.* * Ibid.. p. 323.
The relations with PKSH and PKJ showed that Albanian National Liberation Army for Kosovo and Yugoslavia did not receive the right appreciation and the hopes of self-government and unification with Kosovo were not met.
Chauvinist dementia
The leadership of General Headquarter of Yugoslav army with Marshal Tito at the top, following immediately the liberation aimed the projectation of a new Slav empire that would lay from the coal mines in Hungary until the coast of Adriatic Sea, from Trieste up to Thessaloniki, from Montenegro until the Black Sea, the center will be in Belgrade (drafter) .* * Notes written by General Major Kiselievi and Major Suharovi published in Vostocnaja Evropa v dekumentah rossiskih arhivov, 1944-1945, V.I/AVPRF.F.06. Op.7.P. 53. D.872. L. 8-28.(top secret)
Meeting held in Moscow on January 9, in 1945, in the presence of high leadership of Sovjetic Union (Stalin and other leaders, Molotov, Kiseljev and Suharov). Yugoslav party was attended by Chief of Yugoslav Army Supreme Headquarters, A, Jovanovic. Chairman of the Yugoslav delegation A. Hebrang having conveyed Tito’s greetings for Stalin the Great, presented his crazy chauvinist demands of the Yugoslav leadership, which were:
1. Expansion of Yugoslav Federation where he proposed: Albania and Bulgaria would join Jugoslav Federation.
2. Against Hungaria: to seize Peç city including the coal sources that were so necessary for Jugoslav economy; in this district used to live mainly Hungarian population but there is a defined number of Slovenians, this district and Pec mines would join Jugoslavia including the Hungarian region with Baj as its capial. In this district was also included a part of historic province of Baranja where there lived a lot of Slavic people etc.
Stalin interfered replying:“Do the Hungarians agree”? Hebrangu answered:
“…so that Hungarians, of course wont’ agree but for Jugoslavia it is very important to have these districts and maybe if it possible even invade them.
Stalin interfered arguing that Slavs who lived in this regions, need to ask themselves the question of union with Yugoslavia, etc..
Hebrangu presented other requirements for Czechs, Italians, Austrians and Romanians.
3. Union with Yugoslavia, a part of Kurushit district (Karantia province that
belongs to Austria), inhabited by Slovens, this district after the first World War belonged to Yugoslavia, but it had joined Austria.
4. Istria that now belongs to Italy with these ports: Trieste, Pola and Rrjeka (Fiume) shall join Yugoslavia. Istria is populated by the Croatian and Slovenians and in port cities only, there is a certain percentage of Italians. Hebrangu showed the ethnographic map of these regions and the map with the borders Yugoslavs wanted.
5. Hebrangu reported to Stalin that the Jugoslav Draft-Treaty was rejected by the Bulgarians. Stalin intervened and said: “I have read the draft treaty and this treaty does not work”. The treaty aimed the seizing of Bulgaria. And Stalin said in his intervention: “Beware, if Bulgarians get angry can enter into relations of affinity with America and Turkey.”
6. Hebrangu passing to the case of Romania, submitted the Yugoslav territorial claims toward it, where could happen the union of the Romanian territory of Temishoarit region and Temishoar city where a district is inhabited exclusively by Serbs, while Temishoar town is populated mainly by Germans and can also pass to Yugoslavia.
Stalin among other things says: “…population of this region itself, the Serbs need to question the issue of union with Yugoslavia.”
7. Herbrangu also urged to change the border with Romania in Reshica city, a city which is located in the territory of Romania 20 km from the Yugoslav border, that has a has a metal melting plant that are extremely necessary for Yugoslavia, etc..
Stalin asks what the matter with Greece is?
8.Herbrangu responds: “From Greece, Yugoslavia hopes to take Greek Macedonia and Thessaloniki. Molotov intervened and said: “Greek Macedonians can deal with this matter themselves.
Stalin also intervened and said: “A situation of hostile relationship with Romania, Hungary, Greece, etc. is emerging. You intend to fight the entire world, it doesn’t make sense to create such a situation. “(brief parts; numbers 1-8 are marked by me).
I focused on this information of a unique document of the Russian archives, no 37 (top secret), Moscow, January 9, in 1945; on chauvinistic intentions of Tito’s Yugoslavia. * * Minxhozi Ymer, newspaper “Telegraph” Albania December 21, 2011.
PKSH and the Communist Party of Kosovo hoped that after the great victory over nazi-fascism, the young Belgrade politicians who came to power with the slogan of nations freedom and independence will gain the right to self-government in Kosovo and would become reality the union of Kosovo with Albania; in fact Yugoslavia of Tito claimed even more fatal destinies for these countries; seizing not only Kosovo, but even Albania to become the seventh republic of Yugoslavia. This was the truth of Yugoslav chauvinists.
This document sheds light on the real causes of deterioriating the relation of PKSH with PKJ and the relation of PKSH with the Communist Party of Sovietic Union.
Even Tito’s attitude displays clearly his expectations for seizing Albania.
According to Soviet Ambassador in Belgrade, A.I. Lavrentjev who informs his government states that: “During Tito’s meeting with Enver Hoxha, in the spring of 1946 who stoped in Belgrade during his way to Sophie, Tito spoke openly with Enver Hoxha, by asking the question, what takes into consideration Albania, if it conducts an isolation-oriented policy, as Spiru aims to. Enver kept an attitude of understanding… .. As it seems, Tito said, we need to involve Albania in the five-year Yugoslavian plan, even the Albanian army .* * AVP.RF.F.06.Op.9P82.D.1285.L.173-174, original.
But the Soviet ambassador in Belgrade on June 22, in 1946, document no 93 in his diary was written: “…. Among others, Tito emphasised that Valona should not be given in any way to Greece. The importance of Valonës is extremely great, given that Valona is a very important strategic point and as long as in Valona, by connecting it by rail with Yugoslavia, can be exported and imported all the goods. Valona importance will increase even more if Trieste will become part of Yugoslavia. Tito focus in the final analysis was the inclusion of Albania in Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. “
These attitudeso of Tito were delivered to Molotovit,Vishinskit, Dekanozovit dhe Lavrishevit.*
*AVP. RF,F.06.Op.8.P.56.D.943.L.19-23. Original.
Content of Tito conversation with Enver Hoxha, showed clearly the chauvinistic Yugoslav and Greek claims toward Albania. Albanian leaders kept a conseguent and determined attitude toward Yogoslavia and Greece in defense of its territory and Albania independence. This led to the break of relations with Tito and Yugoslavia and Albania approachment to the Soviet Union. The situation deterioriated the relations with Belgrade who still continued the terror against Albanians.
For the territorial reorganization of Albania on April 21, 1941 was organised a meeting between the foreign ministers of Germany and Italy, Von Ribbentrop and Earl Ciano, met in Vienna to share the occupied territories and according to the agreement made in the Italian zone of occupation were included besides most of Kosovo and Çamëria lands, even the Albanian territories in Montenegro and Albanian eastern regions of Tetova, Dibra, Kërçova e Struga. These territories with the exception of Çamërisë joined Albania by special decree of 29 June 1941.
Even the other chauvinists, especially Bulgarians who requested for the Italian-Bulgarian demarcation line to reach Ohri and Prespa Lakes; while Albania was under Italian occupation, even the Italian Foreign Minister Earl Ciano was alert, who on March 28 1942 presented his worry concerning the requests of Bulgaria to seize more territories in Albania and Kosovo. He threatened that Italy could not hold back the Albanians if they wanted to fight for their territories. Worried for a possible armed conflict, even Germany supported Italy.
Bulgaria, given the Italian-German barricade turned its attention toward Albanian minorities. Italian authorities expressed their agitation on this: “From May 1941 at the Bulgarian-Albanian border and in the new territories that have become part of Bulgaria have been identified a series of incidents, whose victims were from the Albanian population living at the borders and also from the Albanian minority in Bulgaria “.
For these contradictions the cabinet for Albania, on December 11, 1942 submitted a telegram to the Italian Foreign Ministry, general vicegerent Jacomoni Francesco in Tirana and to the Italian representative in Belgrade, Ankara, Bucharest and Athens, where it informed on the problems of minority at the expense of the Albanians .* * Historical and diplomatic Archives at the Italian Foreign Ministries, in the framework of the “Project, history of Albanians during the XX centuries. ” Fund, State Secretariat for Albania, the Albanian cabinet fund 1938-1945, folder 123.
In this way the chauvinistic dementia have continued to divide Albania among the great powers. This was the postwar state for the sezing of Albania and Kosovo.
In February 1945, military administration, Serbo-Montenegrin divisions 52 and 46 and Macedonian Division 50, with the pretext of Kosovar movement killed thousands of Albanians, of innocent patriots, while other thousands young Albanians, mobilized in the Yugoslav army, were massacred on their way to the North front.
Serbian violence and discrimination
During 1955-1956 violence used in weapons collection was barbaric, 50,000 people were maltreated, 109 of them were killed. The situation aggravated and in 1960 an estimated number of 250,000 Albanians immigrated to Turkey and they were substitued by Slavic colons of 50 000 people. After the 60s, the situation deteriorated further. Rankovic campaign incited by the nationalist Serb massacred Kosovo people.
In October-November 1968, in many cities erupted massive demonstrations of workers, peasants, students that led to the recognition of Kosovo’s status.
The demonstrations were suppressed with ferocity, but forced Tito’s Yugoslavic rule to make some concessions: to give the Albanians the right to use the national flag, to allow bilingualism, to establish their own university, etc..
Constitution of 1974 was certainly an important victory for Kosovo, which assured the autonomy within Yugoslavia, the right to a flag, language, to open Albanian schools etc. After this there was an improvement in Kosovo’s development in all areas of life. But chauvinistic violence against Albanians was present thorugh discrimination at work, social life; they began mass expulsion of Kosovars and started the settling of Montenegrin, Serbians, etc.
Demonstrations of 1981 with the request: “Kosovo Repuplic” was suppressed with violence and aggravated the situation. During the demonstrations in 1981-1989 about 600,000 Albanians were imprisoned, 75 boys and girls were killed, who demanded freedom, democracy and equality in demonstrations; over 4,000 students
were poisoned.
It should be understood that the demonstration in 1981 was developed to gain more rights from the constitution of 1974,but Yugoslav rule not only did not took into consideration Kosovo demands, but tried violently to return Kosovo and keep it under Yugoslavia bubble. Milosevic bend to the chauvinistic Serbian nationalists who turned Kosovo back in the past.
This was the Serbian treatment of Albanians as a “civilised” state how it called itself!
Differences and discriminations are made even in the construction of important objects for development auch as factories, buildings, infrastructure, etc., by providing funds and building only in the places where there lived Serbian and Montenegrin
In Malisheva commune with 43,000 inhabitants, whose majority were Albanians and no industrial facility was built etc.
Differences in the employment of Albanians were staggering. Among 1000 Albanians in the Jugoslavia of that time, an average of 281 were employed and 120 of them worked in Kosovo. So Albanians were 3 times less employed.* * Mark Krasniqi, interview.
From conversations with the elderly in the Drin Lugu we learn that Serbians, not only steal them the land and give it to Montenegrins, but forced them to build homes to Montenegrins at their own expense.
However Kosovars survived; did not bowed to a variety of ethnic, economic, cultural, educative differences concerning the population in Kosovo.
The regress Kosovo underwent to, aggravate Kosovo situation very seriously. Milosevic was the standard-bearer against the Albanians and the most extreme man in protecting Serbian nacionalist networks.
It must be said that Yugoslavia dissolution began in Kosovo, but Milosevic and Serbian nationalist extremists, were not understanding that they are pushing Jugoslavia themselves toward dissolution and destruction.
On the other hand, Great Jugoslavian rule did not understand the scale of intolerability of the oppresion and discrimination toward Albanians and that one day people of Kosovo would put an end to all this even at the cost of their lives.
